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Human metabolism

Reactome's human metabolism drawn as one network. Each molecule has one home node; widely shared molecules also appear as dashed copies in other territories, linked from their details. .

Territories

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Metabolite; its structure appears as you zoom in
Reaction, arrow toward the product
Cofactors and co-substrates are written beside the reaction when you zoom in
Dashed ring: a copy of a widely shared molecule or cofactor in another territory or pathway
Compartment transfer of the molecule it is linked to
Binding, release or complex event; its proteins are named in its details
Outline: reactions mostly in the mitochondrion

Arrows follow Reactome's curated reaction direction.

Carnitine shuttle

Transfer of long-chain acyl groups across mitochondrial membranes through carnitine-linked intermediates. 11 reactions, from Reactome R-HSA-200425.

OCTN2 / SLC22A5 transports CAR from extracellular space to cytosolCAR + Na+ → CAR + Na+
CPT1A transfers PALM to CARCAR + PALM-CoA → CoA-SH + L-PCAR
CPT2 converts acylcarnitine to acyl-CoACoA-SH + C8-C18 Acyl-CAR → CAR + C8-C18 Acyl-CoA
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesisBtn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer + ATP → Btn-p-S222-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer + ADP + H+
Exchange of acylcarnitine and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membraneCAR + Acyl-CAR → CAR + Acyl-CAR
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoAAc-CoA + ATP + HCO3- → ADP + Pi + Mal-CoA + H+
MID1IP1 binds THRSPMID1IP1 + THRSP → MID1IP1:THRSP
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoAAc-CoA + ATP + HCO3- → ADP + Pi + Mal-CoA + H+
CAR translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane spaceCAR → CAR
CPT1B transfers PALM to CARCAR + PALM-CoA → CoA-SH + L-PCAR
SLC25A20 exports excess acyl-CARAcyl-CAR + CAR → Acyl-CAR + CAR