Twelve cofactor systems linked to the compounds and reactions of the audited map edition. Vitamins are precursors; active cofactors are the working forms.
Reaction matches come from controlled cofactor aliases found in release event names, equations, and catalyst annotations.
Matching controlled cofactor terms within release event records.
Thiamin diphosphate is the activated B1 form used to stabilize carbon fragments during oxidative decarboxylation and two-carbon transfer reactions.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Riboflavin-derived FAD and FMN carry one or two electrons, often while bound within enzymes that couple difficult oxidation and reduction steps.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Niacin-derived NAD and NADP carry hydride equivalents. Their phosphorylated and unphosphorylated pools support distinct, though connected, redox economies.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Pantothenate-derived coenzyme A uses a reactive thiol to form thioesters, activating acyl groups for transfer, oxidation, and biosynthesis.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Pyridoxal phosphate forms reversible covalent intermediates that stabilize amino-acid reaction chemistry, including transamination, decarboxylation, and elimination.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Biotin is an enzyme-tethered carbon-dioxide carrier. ATP-dependent carboxylases move its activated carboxyl group between catalytic sites.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Reduced folate forms carry one-carbon units at several oxidation states, linking serine and glycine chemistry to nucleotides and methyl-group metabolism.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Cobalt-containing cobalamin supports radical rearrangement and methyl-transfer chemistry in a small but metabolically consequential set of human enzymes.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
The iron–porphyrin framework of heme enables electron transfer, oxygen handling, and peroxide chemistry across respiratory and oxidative enzyme systems.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Iron–sulfur clusters provide tunable electron-transfer centers and structural catalytic elements assembled and distributed by dedicated cellular machinery.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Ubiquinone is a lipid-soluble electron and proton carrier that moves within membranes, connecting multiple dehydrogenases to respiratory electron transfer.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Glutathione is a cysteine-containing tripeptide used in thiol redox buffering, peroxide reduction, and conjugation reactions.
No reaction in this map edition matched this entry.
Try a vitamin number, active cofactor name, or broader chemical role.
Each card separates the vitamin precursor, the active cofactor and the reactions it takes part in.
The dietary or transported family from which an active cofactor can be produced.
The chemically specific species used, transferred, reduced, oxidized, or enzyme-bound.
The release events whose names, equations, or catalyst annotations match the controlled vocabulary.
Compartment, enzyme, pathway, and cellular state determine what that chemistry means.